Как да научим детето си да рисува

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Попаднах на тази статия, в която се описват основните грешки при опита да научим дете да рисува.
Много ми хареса и я пействам тук; за жалост не мога да я преведа сега, защото трябва да си допреведа книгата. Ако някой друг иска да я свърши тази работа, воала - или я четете на английски, или по-нататък ще я обърна на бг.

Основната идея е да насърчаваме децата да рисуват от натура, да не рисуваме по техния лист, да задаваме отворени въпроси за рисунките и т.н.

HOW TO TEACH DRAWING
TO CHILDREN 
by 
Marvin Bartel
 


This essay was inspired by an Australian mother whose son, age eight, was feeling discouraged and wanted help in learning to draw better. She wanted to know how to help him.  Observation drawing provides the method of choice.  Of course observation drawing is not the only form of good drawing practice, but it is often the best way to develop drawing skills.  Drawing from remembered experiences and drawing based on imagination are good to develop those aspects of thinking.  Copy work drawing is not encouraged, but only tolerated if it is self initiated. Many self-taught artists have learned by copying because it was all they knew. However, copywork is not a good way to learn to draw actual objects, animals, scenes, and people.


DRAWING and CHILDREN
Children who know me sometimes ask me how to draw better. 
Many children do not know that artists have learned to draw by doing observation drawing practice. They often assume that you can draw or you can't. Of course this is true, but it is also true that nearly anybody can learn to draw at any age. Many children feel inferior about their own ability to draw.  Too often no teacher or adult has ever helped them learn to make a proper observation.  Most teachers have not been educated about teaching drawing.  Some generalist teachers even say, "That's okay, I can't draw either."  This is the opposite of good motivation.  They would never dare say, "That's okay, I can't read and write. I just don't have the talent for it." 
I explain that drawing ability comes from practice.  I call it "practice" so it isn't as intimidating as final products. This essay explains some practice processes that lead to better drawing skills. Sometimes children want to develop their practice into more elaborate finished work. I encourage their desire to finish some works, but I also affirm the need to do lots of practice that does not have to be finished work.  I explain it by using music analogies.  We practice piano a long time to learn some pieces.  We don't worry two much about mistakes while we are learning, but eventually it is good to play a recital.

I never draw to show a child how to draw do something.

If I would show a child how something is drawn, the child would get the idea that my drawing is the answer. The child would think that her job is to copy my drawing. That is a very poor way to learn to see for yourself.

I go over to the thing being observed and run my finger slowly along the edge of the thing.  While doing this, I encourage the child to begin drawing in the air as preliminary practice following the edge contour slowly as my finger moves. After practice in the air, the child practices on paper with a slow deliberate contour while NOT looking at the paper. 

I never draw on the child's paper. Learning to see is done by studying the thing, animal, or person being drawn - not by getting the teacher to correct the work. The student should own the whole process and product.

I never ask a child to copy a picture made by me, by another artist, or by a camera. I have them practice from actual objects or models.  When children do copy work for fun on their own, I do not condemn them for this, but I do withhold compliments and I withhold all encouragement related to copy work.  I ask them to observe from actual objects - never working from pictures.

Eliciting a careful description from the student
We cannot draw what we do not notice. Before starting I take extra time to discuss some details of a small area where the student will start.  This gives focus, familiarity, and confidence.

I give instruction in the form of open questions rather than directions.  "How much of this edge is straight and how much is curved?"  "How much longer is this side than the top edge?"  "What are the different lengths you get when you extend your arm and measure by holding the pencil across it in the air?"  "How do the lengths compare?"  "Isn't this a silly line? Can you see how it wiggles?"  If I use questions, it implies that the teacher will not be needed in the future.  Once the student knows the questions, the student can practice alone.  If I give commands, the student might not feel empowered to work alone.

Sometimes we start with a small part of something that would otherwise seem too complex.  Adding a bit at a time, some elaborate drawings often develop.

In blind contour (drawing the outer edge of objects without looking at the paper) line I let them know that I do not expect a line to end up at the right place when it comes around to where it started.  If it meets, it means the child peeked at the paper (treat with humor).  "Blind" contour drawing means drawing without looking at the paper, but only looking at the object. 

Blinders as drawing helpers
I use a large blinder card on our pencil so we cannot see what is being drawn.  I generally allow looking when the pencil is stopped and when it is placed to start a new line.  While the pencil moves, I do not allow looking at the paper, but only look at the object being observed.  It is good to move the pencil very slowly and deliberately so that each little change of direction, notch, bump, zigzag, etc. can be included. Not every drawing experience needs to be blind contour practice, but some regular practice using blind contour is a good way to discipline the mind to develop the skill of observation.

With young children I often encourage them to use the blinder helper while they practice all the lines of the edges without concern for making a picture. This practice session is their preparation prior to drawing a picture on another paper or elsewhere on the paper.

Viewfinders as framing helpers
A viewfinder which can be a simple 2x2 inch empty slide frame is useful to view the scene.  For drawing, the viewfinder can be a piece of 8x10 inch cardboard with a rectangle cut out as a window about 3x4 inches.

 This student is using a viewfinder taped on a stick placed to frame some sunflowers. In the second view she is adding tomatoes seen from her position as she looks through the viewfinder window. 

This can be held at arms length or closer to help the student decide what to include in the drawing. We use it the same way you would frame a picture with a camera viewfinder. It can zoom closer (bending the arm) to give a wide angle or zoom out to create a telephoto framing (holding it with an extended arm).  The window in the viewfinder (also called isolator) helps the student decide on what to include, how to arrange things, and how large to make things in a drawing. A more advanced viewfinder might have black thread taped across the window to form a grid through which to view the scene, still life, animal, or person that is being observed.

Mistakes
Most of us need to get more comfortable with mistakes. I do not point out mistakes because the effect is not helpful. It works better the emphasize the things that are working well. However, children often notice mistakes themselves. I believe it is helpful for children to learn that the mistakes they see in their drawing are useful for learning and for getting new ideas. I tell children it is okay to erase and fix major mistakes, but I make a point to explain that I like to learn new things from my mistakes. I tell them that I often leave my mistakes until I am nearly finished with the whole thing.  I first add the corrections until I figure it out. Sometimes the mistakes add some interest and expressive qualities that are hard to appreciate at first.  There are often several ways to fix a mistake. Typical mistakes help keep us challenged and often lead to creative ideas that we would otherwise have missed.  When we approach this like we approach playing a game, we can even learn to enjoy it. This principle works for drawing and it works for teaching mistakes as well.

To make it easier, artists often practice with small sketches when they are planning the arrangement for a major work. Once they have decided on the layout, artists often practice details by making sketches that are about the actual size needed. Preliminary practice makes the final drawing easier to do.

How to respond
I look for some places where the lines or shapes work well. I enthusiastically affirm improvements and successes. I know that most children will stop drawing if I make any negative comments or tell them that they need to make corrections. Practice and learning only happens when there is a fair amount of satisfaction. I look for improvement - not perfection. I use positive comments and questions that remind them of things to notice - not judgment. Instead of judging, I learn more about the thinking of children when I ask them to verbally elaborate about an area in their work. It helps me understand where they are in their perception of what they are observing. With observation questions I may be able to help them move to the next level.

Fear of drawing makes things come out smaller.  I accept whatever size they produce, but I will encourage them to see if they can draw small things extra big.  A child's shoe might be drawn large enough for a grown man.  Sometimes I simply say, "How big do you need to draw it in order to fill the paper with this?" or "How big do you need it to fill the framed area with this?" 

MORE ADVANCED LEVELS?

Shading
From contour drawing, we often move to shading.  When doing this I make sure the lighting is fairly dramatic.  I ask the child to find several levels of shaded tone on the thing being observed.  I ask the student to identify the lightest places and we name those "highlights".  The highlights are very lightly framed and they generally remain totally white.  I ask the student to find the darkest places.  In most cases the shadows at the base of objects are the darkest part of a shaded drawing.
This page has some detailed instructions to practice for shading.
http://www.goshen.edu/art/ed/shading.html

For variety and fun, I sometimes have them start with a light pencil outline sketch and then shade by stippling the drawing with the points of small colored markers, intermixing colors.  When the stippling is dry we erase all the pencil to show only pointillist form and color without line. Stippling is easy and does not ruin the picture if the child has a chance to practice it first in very small practice samples. I encourage them to practice always combining several colors together making very close dots for darker tones and less frequent dots for lighter tones.

Gesture drawing
Gesture drawing is an opposite form of observation drawing. While blind contour drawing begins with edges and requires slow deliberate drawing, gesture drawing starts in the center and the drawing tool very rapidly fills (coloring in) the body of the object with no outline, but tries to follow the form of what is being observed. Gesture drawing is fast and expressive while contour drawing (outline observation) is very deliberate. Where blind contour drawing is slow, gesture drawing is intuitive and very very fast. Alternating sessions of gesture drawing with sessions of blind contour drawing will add greatly to the expressive quality of the a child's work. Eventually, both styles can be combined to create some very effective, moving, and expressive outcomes.

Kathe Kollwitz combined outline, shading and gesture drawing very expressively in this self portrait where her arm motion is expressed as gesture.
http://www.kunstikeskus.ee/info/pilt/uus_uudis_pilt/kollwitz.JPG

Here she used pen and brush in her Mothers from 1921 (in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts) to enhance expressiveness with gesture.
http://www.mystudios.com/women/klmno/kollwitz-mothers-1921.html

WHAT TO DRAW?
Gesture drawing is good for people, animals, and objects that are active and in motion, or for content that is charged with emotional quality. Models are posed as though they are in action, playing in sports, or doing something with emotional content.

For all observation drawing, both contour drawing and gesture drawing, I want things to draw that are not part of the child's previously learned symbol set.  A new observation requires more careful looking rather than drawing a remembered shape or symbol. A new observation employs a different part of the brian than drawing something that has been memorized. It helps to select something interesting to the child.  Children can be encouraged to find toys, pets, and things around the house and garden that they have not used for drawings before. If it looks too simple, turn it a different or move to a different position to to make it a little challenging to draw. Sometimes I turn the thing upside down to make it new again.

We start with things that are not very complex, but also include a bit of uniqueness. As I write this I am having a snack. An apple with a bite removed is better than a plain apple.  An apple that still has a leaf on the stem is more unique.  An apple that is not all the same color is better.  A deformed apple is great.  A half eaten snack is good.  Taste, touch, sound, and smell are all great multi sensory motivational enhancements. Eat some. Draw what is left. Eat what you drew.

Some of the best subject matter comes from everyday common experiences such as the food we eat, our homes, our toys, our families, the neat stuff we collect, our friends, our games, our work, our animals, our neighborhoods, a trip to a zoo, a trip to a farmyard, and so on.

NOT EVERY DRAWING IS FROM OBSERVATION

Children also learn some great thinking skills by working from imagination, from inventing, from designing, and so on.  Children are often interested in creating persuasive work related to social causes such as wild life protection, peace and justice, poverty, drug abuse, and so on.  Some children love to design houses, machines, boats, cars, etc. and illustrate imagined stories.  Imagined things are excellent for development of their creative thinking ability. 
Creative work is not all practical or utilitarian.  Arranging color in an abstract beautiful way is very enjoyable and expressive for most children.  Musicians also use the word "play" when they "perform" with an instrument.  We like the words "play around" when we are exploring and making thumbnail sketches for an idea in drawing or when designing something.  Some people make word lists to get ideas.

Children often use drawings to tell stories from memories. With young children, use lots of questions to get them to think of more memories related to the subject.  If they are overly self-critical of their ability to do this, encourage the use of mirrors, models, and objects to work from to practice the parts of the compositions needed to tell or illustrate the stories.  Artists often combine observation and invention.

Transfer of drawing skills
An important type of creativity is the ability to transfer what we have learned in one situation to a appropriate application in another situation. We do not expect what is learned in observation drawing to immediately and naturally transfer and be reflected while drawing from imagination and experiences. Teachers are frequently disappointed to see children who can do impressive observation studies revert to simplified stereotype representations when they do not have something there to observe. What is achieved in observation drawing takes time and practice to be remembered and called up from memory when there is nothing to observe. It is natural for children fall into old habits and forget that they have learned a new way to represent something.

A sensitive adult can ask them, "Do you remember when you drew that while you were looking at it? Do you remember the shape of it? Do you remember how the lighting changed the way it looked?" In some cases, when remembering to remember, the child will show significant changes in approach. Transfer of learning from one kind of drawing (observation) to other kinds of drawing (imagination and experience) can probably be improved by questions that create an expectation of transfer. Remembering new ways to represent while being imaginative and expressive may be a lot to ask, but many children are quite capable of multitasking when they enjoy learning and if they are gently reminded of their own new skills. Developing habits of thinking that facilitate transfer of learning can be an important way to foster creative thinking.

HOW TO RELATE TO THE WORK OF OTHER ARTISTS

Even though the work of other artists may be very inspirational and very educational, I avoid showing the work of other artists as an introduction to doing artwork.  I feel the suggestive power of the work may prevent them from doing as much of their own observing, thinking, imagining, remembering, etc.  I feel it may lead them to feel their own work is not good enough to measure up.  I believe that we as a species are programmed by instinct to imitate.  This is a powerful instinct in all children. 

To encourage children to learn innovation and original observation may be a challenge, but the life-long benefits are well worth the effort. They will still learn many important things by imitation - but unless they are encouraged, many will not learn the joy, thinking habits, and rewards they get by learning the methods of thinking used in innovation.

Art history shows the heights to which artists have aspired. It exemplifies high quality and it helps us learn about other cultures we can scarcely imagine. Art history reminds us of the many important purposes for art. I teach art history, museum visits, and so on after children have done similar work, or we do these activities completely independent of creative work.  By studying the other artist's work as an independent activity or after doing the media work we do not diminish the importance of their own experience as being foremost as content for their own art. 

During the viewing of art history exemplars, I use lots of open questions phrased to help children look for more things in the historic work. If I want them to do related work, they do their own related artwork first (based on their own observations, experiences, or imaginations). This provides an immediate and relevant frame of reference for the other artist's work. The same questions used during their work can be asked while viewing the historical work. Even though they are doing media work prior to the study of art history, I often see influences from other artists in their work if they have had positive museum and art history experiences in the past.  This is ideal so long as their primary thinking is based on their own observations, imaginations, and experiences.

WHAT TO DO WITH YOUR CHILD'S COMPLETED WORK

I suggest saving it in a folder in order to keep a record.  Periodically, look back to see progress.  Point out and affirm progress to the child.  I try to make specific points when using compliments or praise.  Connect it to some specific qualities that are explained to the student.  When children are very young, I simply invite them to tell me about their drawings.  I feel that the story telling is very good practice for them.  Even children who are only two and are simply scribbling are able to tell me a story about their drawings.
Be sensitive about exhibiting the work.  In a school setting it is better to display all or none of the work of an assignment.  Teachers should put the lesson objectives with the displays.  Student artwork may have some artistic merits, but learning is the main purpose of it.

So far as exhibiting things at home, some feel that exhibiting something that is particularly strong could create fear in the child.  The child might fear that it is too hard to always do as well as the one that was selected.  I would be sensitive to this, but I also think it is encouraging when children see the work being displayed. 

In my experience, most parents need to be more affirmative and less critical of their children's drawings.  Correcting a child's drawing mistakes can easily stop their interest in drawing.  Children who get affirmation often continue to practice much more on their own. 

 
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# 1
Ето още линкове от същия автор. Има специално за децата на 3-6 годишна възраст, за драскането по стените и прочие.
Други не са за рисуването, а за възпитаването/насърчаването на творчески подход.
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# 2
м-да, английския ми е слаб, ще чакам превода Simple Smile Анда, благодаря за статията и мен живо ме интересува. Моята дъщеричка едва започва да драска, но ми се ще да не объркаме нещо ...
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# 3
Аз също чакам с нетърпение някой да преведе, но кой ли ще се наеме?Много е дълго  newsm78 Или поне някои основни моменти и примери-накратко!
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# 4
Само се разписвам в темата - за съжаление нямам сили да чета на английски толкова късно.
Но пък съм много пристрастна по въпроса с детското рисуване, така че се нареждам на опашката от чакащи превода. Peace
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# 5
Всъщност мога да кажа как ние процедираме - оставяме Макка сама да реши как ще държи инструмента, с който ще рисува, какво ще рисува и как ще го нарисува. След като свърши обикновено започва една много интересна и за нас, и за нея част, в която тя фантазира по картинката. Това, ако не е имала нещо конкретно предвид, когато я е започвала, а се е оставила на фантазията си. Нашата работа тогава е да и задаваме въпроси, който "обясняват" рисунката,а понякога я провокират да я дорисува.Има рисунки, при които, когато ги завърши, започва сама такова фантазиране на обяснения "какво е това", които водят до едни мини приказки, а на мен ми се откача ръката да записвам. Mr. Green
Досега не сме и рисували или показвали по листа, защото специално по отношение на рисуването я възприемаме като голям човек,а  на нас като "големи" едва ли би ни било приятно някой да ни рисува по нашите листа. Дори не и показваме "как се рисува"  -  например зайче, защото е интересно да видим как тя самата вижда и възпроизвежда зайчето, а не нашата представа за това зайче. Ако, обаче тя самата иска да и се помогне и попита как се рисува зайче, тогава татко й и показва на един лист и тя се опитва да го нарисува.
В общи линии я насочваме, като се опитваме / не знам дали успешно / да не я моделираме. Simple Smile
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# 6
Как да учим децата да рисуват
от Марвин Бартел
 
Рисуването и децата

Много деца не знаят, че художниците са се научили да рисуват, упражнявайки се от натура. Те често приемат, че или можеш да рисуваш, или не. Това естествено е вярно, но също така вярно е, че всеки може да се научи да рисува на всякаква възраст. Много деца се чувстват малоценни по отношение на рисувателните си умения. Често никой възрастен или учител не ги е научил да наблюдават рисувания обект както трябва. Повечето учители не са специално обучавани. Някои дори казват "Какво толкова, и аз не мога да рисувам". Това е обратното на добра мотивация. Те никога не биха посмели да кажат "Какво толкова, и аз не мога да чета и да пиша. Просто нямам талант за това".
Обяснявам, че умението да рисуваш идва с практиката. Слагам акцента върху нея, тъй като тя не е толкова стряскаща като задължението да постигнеш добър краен продукт. Тази статия обяснява някои принципи на практиката, които водят до по-добри рисувателни умения. Някои деца искат да разгърнат упражненията си в по-добърк краен продукт. Насърчавам желанието им да завършат някои неща, но подчертавам и нуждата от много упражнения, които не е нужно да бъдат завършена работа. Използвам аналогията с музиката. Упражняваме се да свирим на пиано дълго време, за да научим няколко пиеси. Докато се учим, не се тревожим за грешките, но по-нататък ще е хубаво да изсвирим някой рецитал. 

Никога не рисувам, за да покажа на детето как да рисува нещо. 

Ако направех това, детето би останало с впечатление, че моята рисунка е отговорът. Би решило, че неговата задача е да копира моята рисунка. Това е много лош начин да се научиш да виждаш сам. 

Отивам до рисувания обект и прокарвам бавно пръст по ръба му. Докато правя това, насърчавам детето да започне да рисува във въздуха като предварителна практика, като следва бавно контура на ръба, докато пръстът ми се движи. След като се поупражнява във въздуха, детето се упражнява на хартия  бавно и внимателно, БЕЗ да гледа към листа си.

Никога не рисувам на листа на детето. Умението да виждаш се развива, като изучаваш предмета, животното или човека, които рисуваш - не когато учителят ти поправя рисунката. Ученикът трябва да владее целия процес и продукта.

Никога не карам детето да копира рисунка, направена от мен, от друг художник, нито снимка от фотоапарат. Карам го да се упражнява от истински предмети или модели. Когато децата копират чужди рисунки за удоволствие, аз не ги мъмря, но сдържам комплиментите си и всякакви насърчения, свързани с прерисуването. Карам ги да наблюдават истински предмети.

Подканям ученика да опише предмета внимателно.
Не можем да рисуваме онова, което не забелязваме. Преди да започна, отделям време да обсъдя някои детайли, от които детето да започне. Това му помага да се съсредоточи, да опознае предмета и да действа уверено.
Уча децата под формата на отворени въпроси, а не на инструкции. "Каква част от този ръб е права и каква - извита?" "Колко по-дълга е тази страна от горния ръб?"
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# 7
Ето още линкове от същия автор. Има специално за децата на 3-6 годишна възраст, за драскането по стените и прочие.
Други не са за рисуването, а за възпитаването/насърчаването на творчески подход.

Анде, къде ги линковете за 3-годишните, че не ги виждам?

П.П. - май намерих - preschool
 http://www.goshen.edu/art/ed/art-ed-links.html бравос на автора и на теб, че го откри:)
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# 8
                Към всичко казано и прочетено в статийте има и още едно нещо - да се покажат на детето материалите,с които може да се рисува.Обикновено детето започва с химикал или молив /това ,което му е пред очите в къщи/ затова е необходимо да има флумастри,пастели,бои и т.н. Няма да изреждам всичко.Просто му се показва ,каква следа оставя всеки материал,как я оставя .Е, успех в рисуването.  bouquet
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# 9
Ама съм диване.
http://www.goshen.edu/art/ed/art-ed-links.html
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# 10
 Тъкмо щях да попитам какво значи от натура, но прочетох превода и ми стана ясно. Благодаря ти, Анда!  bouquet
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# 11

Отивам до рисувания обект и прокарвам бавно пръст по ръба му.
......
Никога не рисувам на листа на детето. Умението да виждаш се развива, като изучаваш предмета, животното или човека, които рисуваш - не когато учителят ти поправя рисунката. Ученикът трябва да владее целия процес и продукта.
........

Карам ги да наблюдават истински предмети.

.....

Подканям ученика да опише предмета внимателно.
Не можем да рисуваме онова, което не забелязваме. Преди да започна, отделям време да обсъдя някои детайли, от които детето да започне. Това му помага да се съсредоточи, да опознае предмета и да действа уверено.

Уча децата под формата на отворени въпроси, а не на инструкции. "Каква част от този ръб е права и каква - извита?" "Колко по-дълга е тази страна от горния ръб?"


 thumbsup

Навремето бях чела една статия - Хенри Мур говореше за Рисуването, Скулптурата... Особено онази част за обучението по рисуване ми беше направила голямо впечатление, защото преобърна представите ми. До тогава си мислех, че не е нужно деца, които просто не могат да рисуват да бъдат карани да рисуват.... мислех, че е достатъчна само една обща култура - история на изкуството....Хенри Мур говореше затова колко е важно рисуването от натура. Дори и никога да не станат художници, когато рисуват - децата анализират. Самият анализ на предмета е важен. Усилието, което полагат, за да пресъздадат наблюдавания предмет върху листа, ги кара да откриват неща, които иначе не биха забелязали.

Анда, благодаря за статията! Съжалявам, че съм зле с английския и не мога да си я доизчета подробно:(  Аз самата рисувам, но педагогическата част ми е слаба. А сега, когато имам дъщеря, темата за обучението по рисуване живо ме интересува.
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# 12
Интересно, но за да чета толкова дълго, трябва да заключа дечко нейде Laughing

Ще си ги принтна, пък когато, тогава...

Ето как "уча":
- на 1 годинка не ходеше още добре, но купих цветни тебериши, да, вместо да копаем в пясъчника, тикнах тебеширче с цвят на слънце в пухкавата ръчичка и просто насърчих да си чертае.
- на 1,4м+ минахме на пастели, но восъчни, не се чупят, продължих да показвам жълтото слънце, светло синьото небе, розовите залези, луната вечер, особено когато небето е теменужено лила, и така
- на 2 рисуването с пръсти въведох
- сега почти на 3 сме на акварел, нищо не показвам, само обясних, че четчицата се мокри, за да може боичките да рисуват

Просто си споделих, пък ако на някой му се хареса  bouquet, а да не забравя, сега на мен ми показват розовото небе и дъгата след дъжд, чудно е...


може ли тук да благодаря за картонените ежковци, които от вчера живеят у нас  bouquet
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# 13

- на 2 рисуването с пръсти въведох

Аз да попитам с какво рисувате с пръсти?
 Heart Eyes
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# 14
                Към всичко казано и прочетено в статийте има и още едно нещо - да се покажат на детето материалите,с които може да се рисува.Обикновено детето започва с химикал или молив /това ,което му е пред очите в къщи/ затова е необходимо да има флумастри,пастели,бои и т.н. Няма да изреждам всичко.Просто му се показва ,каква следа оставя всеки материал,как я оставя .Е, успех в рисуването.  bouquet

И само да добавя - материалите, на които също може да рисува. Те може да са цветни хартии, на които рисува с по-бледи или бели боички/пастели и др., тапети от най-евтините от бялата им страна, по-твърди картони.
Също така може да се смесват видове материали - например пастел и отгоре акварел и там, където е пастела, акварела не "хваща" и се получава много интересно и забавно за децата. Peace
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